First, the signal gets inverted, which can be slightly annoying -- although we can always invert it back with another op-amp. But the real drawback to the inverting amplifier is the amplifier's input impedance, which is equal to R1. As we saw with voltage dividers, we need to take a circuit's impedance into account when using it as part of a larger system of circuits. We need each successive circuit stage to have an input impedance at least 10 times greater than the output of the one preceeding it, to prevent loading.

Since the inverting amplifier's input impedance is equal to R1, there may be times we'd be forced to pick unusually large resistors for our feedback loop, which can cause other problems. The input, or inputs, are connected to ground. Figure 1 shows the non-inverting amplifier, which drives a load, RL. This circuit has an equivalent Thevenin source as in Figure 2. They vary in opposite direction and that is why the negative sign that appears in the Rout calculations is canceled out.

Equation 2 also tells us that we can use a small signal variation method to determine Rout. Figure 3 An ideal Op Amp can be represented as a dependent source as in Figure 3. The dependent source is Ao vd, where Ao is the Op Amp open-loop gain and vd is the differential input voltage. The input differential resistance, between the Op Amp inputs, is considered high, so I removed it for simplicity.

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An op-amp amplifies the difference in voltage between this two input pins and provides the amplified output across its Vout or output pin. Depending on the input type, op-amp can be classified as Inverting or Non-inverting. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use op-amp in noninverting configuration. In the non-inverting configuration, the input signal is applied across the non-inverting input terminal Positive terminal of the op-amp.

As we discussed before, Op-amp needs feedback to amplify the input signal. This is generally achieved by applying a small part of the output voltage back to the inverting pin In case of non-inverting configuration or in the non-inverting pin In case of inverting pin , using a voltage divider network. Non-inverting Operational Amplifier Configuration In the upper image, an op-amp with Non-inverting configuration is shown.

The signal which is needed to be amplified using the op-amp is feed into the positive or Non-inverting pin of the op-amp circuit, whereas a Voltage divider using two resistors R1 and R2 provide the small part of the output to the inverting pin of the op-amp circuit. These two resistors are providing required feedback to the op-amp. In an ideal condition, the input pin of the op-amp will provide high input impedance and the output pin will be in low output impedance. The amplification is dependent on those two feedback resistors R1 and R2 connected as the voltage divider configuration.

Due to this, and as the Vout is dependent on the feedback network, we can calculate the closed loop voltage gain as below. Also, the gain will be positive and it cannot be in negative form. The gain is directly dependent on the ratio of Rf and R1. Now, Interesting thing is, if we put the value of feedback resistor or Rf as 0, the gain will be 1 or unity. And if the R1 becomes 0, then the gain will be infinity.

But it is only possible theoretically. In reality, it is widely dependent on the op-amp behavior and open-loop gain. Op-amp can also be used two add voltage input voltage as summing amplifier. Practical Example of Non-inverting Amplifier We will design a non-inverting op-amp circuit which will produce 3x voltage gain at the output comparing the input voltage. We will make a 2V input in the op-amp. We will configure the op-amp in noninverting configuration with 3x gain capabilities.

We selected the R1 resistor value as 1. R2 is the feedback resistor and the amplified output will be 3 times than the input. Voltage Follower or Unity Gain Amplifier As discussed before, if we make Rf or R2 as 0, that means there is no resistance in R2, and Resistor R1 is equal to infinity then the gain of the amplifier will be 1 or it will achieve the unity gain. As there is no resistance in R2, the output is shorted with the negative or inverted input of the op-amp.

The complement of this op-amp is inverting op-amp which generates the output signal that is degrees out of phase. This circuit is ideal for impedance buffering applications due to high input and low output impedance. In this circuit configuration, the output voltage signal is given to the inverting terminal - of the operational amplifier like feedback through a resistor where another resistor is given to the ground. Here, a voltage divider with two types of resistors will provide a small fraction of the output toward the inverting pin of the operational amplifier circuit.

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Circuit These two resistors will provide necessary feedback to the operational amplifier. Here, the R1 resistor is called a feedback resistor Rf. Because of this, the Vout depends on the feedback network. The Current rule states that there is no flow of current toward the inputs of an op-amp whereas the voltage rule states that the op-amp voltage tries to ensure that the voltage disparity between the two op-amp inputs is zero.

From the above non-inverting op-amp circuit, once the voltage rule is applied to that circuit, the voltage at the inverting input will be the same as the non-inverting input. So the applied voltage will be Vin.

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