A few days before the research team came to each village, information about the study, including what participation involved, was announced in local religious meetings and by local enumerators, with support from the village committee. Any residents aged 65 years or over wishing to take part, or any family members wishing to refer a relative, were invited to attend one of three screening days in each village.

All participants were asked to attend with a relative or carer able to give an informant history. Eleven people were identified by village enumerators as too frail to attend screen and were visited at home. Screening days took place at local village offices. Given the voluntary nature of participation, after dissemination of information about the study, consent was assumed for those who volunteered for screening.

To avoid selection bias, any older people who wished to take part in the study, but were physically unable to attend screening days, were visited at home. Contact information for each participant was recorded to allow follow-up. Assessments were conducted by local healthcare workers who were blinded to all cognitive assessments. Both assessments were translated into Swahili and back translated prior to use.

Cognitive screening was conducted using the validated IDEA cognitive screen The screen was administered by a local healthcare worker who was blind to the DSM-IV diagnosis and all functional assessments and who had attended a 4-day training course regarding dementia and use of the screening instruments. Subjects can score 0—15 points, with zero reflecting the lowest cognitive performance and 15 the highest cognitive performance. The assessors were asked to indicate on the study pro forma whether, in their opinion, the informant was felt to be reliable.

The informant was considered unreliable if they were a non-relative e. Where diagnoses were in doubt, cases were discussed with a UK-based consultant in old age psychiatry. Based on their IDEA cognitive screen scores, a stratified sample was followed up and underwent full clinical diagnostic assessment.

Random selection involved blindly picking participant's numbers out of a container. Informants who failed to attend for a full diagnostic assessment interview were asked to attend on a subsequent day and, where this was not possible, were followed up on home visits by the clinician. All data were found to be non-normally distributed and therefore summarised in terms of median, inter-quartile range IQR , and range. Cronbach's alpha was used as a measure of internal consistency and factor analysis used to investigate underlying latent traits within the scale.

For factor analysis, the method of principal components was used and a varimax rotation applied to aid data analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic AUROC curve was calculated to give an overall assessment of the predictive ability of each of the scales, with presence of clinical dementia yes or no as the state variable. To identify the most appropriate weighting to give to the IDEA cognitive screen and IDEA-IADL questionnaire when combined into a single measure, binary logistical regression analysis was performed using the screening instrument scores as covariates and presence of clinical dementia yes or no as the outcome variable.

Regression coefficients were converted to weights using the method of Sullivan et al. Linear regression was used to investigate the influence of age, gender, and education level on IDEA-IADL scores after adjusting for the influence of dementia diagnosis. The model validity was assessed by examination of eigenvalues, studentised residuals, and tolerance. There were very few missing values and these appeared to be missing completely at random and non-informative. No attempt was made to impute these data, and these data were omitted from the analysis.

Traditional folk music of European origin has been present in Canada since the arrival of the first French and British settlers in the 16th and 17th centuries The fur trade and its voyageurs brought this farther north and west into Canada; later lumbering operations and lumberjacks continued this process. Agrarian settlement in eastern and southern Ontario and western Quebec in the early 19th century established a favorable milieu for the survival of many Anglo-Canadian folksongs and broadside ballads from Great Britain and the US.

Despite massive industrialization, folk music traditions have persisted in many areas until today. In the north of Ontario, a large Franco-Ontarian population kept folk music of French origin alive. Populous Acadian communities in the Atlantic provinces contributed their song variants to the huge corpus of folk music of French origin centred in the province of Quebec.

A rich source of Anglo-Canadian folk music can be found in the Atlantic region, especially Newfoundland. Completing this mosaic of musical folklore is the Gaelic music of Scottish settlements, particularly in Cape Breton, and the hundreds of Irish songs whose presence in eastern Canada dates from the Irish famine of the s, which forced the large migrations of Irish to North America. Part of this mosaic is supplied by the folk songs of Canada brought by European and Anglo-Saxon settlers to the new land.

Ethnographer and folklorist Marius Barbeau estimated that well over ten thousand French folk songs and their variants had been collected in Canada. Many of the older ones had by then died out in France. Music as professionalized paid entertainment grew relatively slowly in Canada, especially remote rural areas, through the 19th and early 20th centuries. Yet when American radio networks began broadcasting into Canada in the s and s, the audience for Canadian traditional music progressively declined in favour of American Nashville-style country music and urban styles like jazz.

The Americanization of Canadian music led the Canadian Radio League to lobby for a national public broadcaster in the s, eventually leading to the creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC in The CBC promoted Canadian music, including traditional music, on its radio and later television services, but the mid-century craze for all things "modern" led to the decline of folk music relative to rock and pop.

Canada was however influenced by the folk music revival of the s, when local venues such as the Montreal Folk Workshop, and other folk clubs and coffee houses across the country, became crucibles for emerging songwriters and performers as well as for interchange with artists visiting from abroad. See also: American folk music American traditional music is also called roots music.

Roots music is a broad category of music including bluegrass , country music , gospel , old time music , jug bands , Appalachian folk , blues , Cajun and Native American music. The music is considered American either because it is native to the United States or because it developed there, out of foreign origins, to such a degree that it struck musicologists as something distinctly new. It is considered "roots music" because it served as the basis of music later developed in the United States, including rock and roll , contemporary folk music, rhythm and blues , and jazz.

Some of these genres are considered to be traditional folk music. Cajun music , an emblematic music of Louisiana , is rooted in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada. Cajun music is often mentioned in tandem with the Creole -based, Cajun -influenced zydeco form, both of Acadiana origin.

These French Louisiana sounds have influenced American popular music for many decades, especially country music , and have influenced pop culture through mass media, such as television commercials. Appalachian music is the traditional music of the region of Appalachia in the Eastern United States.

It derives from various European and African influences, including English ballads , Irish and Scottish traditional music especially fiddle music , hymns, and African-American blues. First recorded in the s, Appalachian musicians were a key influence on the early development of Old-time music , country music , and bluegrass , and were an important part of the American folk music revival. Instruments typically used to perform Appalachian music include the banjo , American fiddle , fretted dulcimer , and guitar.

The Carter Family was a traditional American folk music group that recorded between and Their music had a profound impact on bluegrass , country , Southern gospel , pop and rock musicians. They were the first vocal group to become country music stars; a beginning of the divergence of country music from traditional folk music. Central to the music of the southern Plains Indians is the drum, which has been called the heartbeat of Plains Indian music.

Metrics details Abstract Monthly temperature series for Central Europe back to AD are developed from documentary index series from Germany, Switzerland and the Czech Republic — and 11 instrumental temperature records —

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