It chlorinates ballast water in shipping, which stops vessels transporting aquatic creatures. According to Wikipedia, ballast water spreads approximately living species to new habitats around the planet. That disrupts ecosystems and puts species at risk of extinction. Historically, Fountain pens were tipped with iridium, but that no longer seems to be the case.

Iridium is also used in the crystal making process because it can withstand extreme heat. The facility is now closed for a full rebuild in Unfortunately, this closure led to an iridium supply shortage, just as demand was growing. This makes Anglo American Platinum a major producer. It also processes material for other miners, causing supply chain issues for several companies.

How can investors get exposure to Iridium? The stronger demand outlook is based on expectations of an economic rebound, as well as anticipation that demand for hydrogen will increase use of iridium. Although the metal is useful, its market is fairly small. That means production amounts to approximately , ounces annually. Comparatively, palladium output is around 10 million ounces and platinum around 8 million. Other platinum group metals PGMs have also experienced supply shortages and soaring prices.

Rhodium and palladium are two. Odunjo makes two or three transfers a month of around 0. East Asia, Chainalysis found, is one of the top partners for bitcoin trading with Africa. Gauging how cryptocurrencies are used in particular locations is tough, though. Digital coins offer a high degree of anonymity, and though the value of transactions can be tracked on the blockchain, the identity or whereabouts of a user cannot.

Chainalysis, which tracks crypto flows for financial firms and U. As a result, Odunjo and other importers must pay more to buy increasingly scarce dollars. Sylvester Kalu, who runs a clothing starch maker in Uyo, eastern Nigeria, uses bitcoin to buy supplies from Istanbul and Shenzhen. Exchanges across Africa spoke of a similar boom.

A big driver was workers using bitcoin for remittances, it added. Costs are lower when sending larger amounts or using a debit card, but the exchange rates on offer are typically several percentage points less favourable than the market rate. However both exchanges and over-the-counter OTC brokers carry risks, from hacks to scams. This means friends or family sent funds by workers must convert it back to traditional currency, often via a broker at their end, introducing additional risk.

Yet the bitcoin users interviewed said many OTC brokers, who rely on word-of-mouth reviews, functioned reliably in an increasingly competitive market and were loath to imperil the reputations they needed to stay in business. And for a growing number of people, the potential rewards outweigh the pitfalls.

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