So actually I've got five inputs to this circuit. Now this circuit is, in, is fabricated on this integrated chip and I have pins to this integrated chip that allow me to connect to the internal circuitry of it. Now common values of power supply the V sub s is 10 volts to 15 volts. Now a symbol, a circuit symbol for an Op Amp looks like this. Now, notice that I dropped the power supply. The reason I dropped the power supply in this symbol is because the power supply is what makes it work, but it does not affect the circuit equations that we use in analyzing Op Amps in circuits.

So again, the power supply doesn't affect our circuit equations. In most circuits. As I mentioned, it's an active element, because it has its own power supply. So I've got my op app here and I'm going to have a value a which is a scaler of v plus minus v minus. The difference in other words between these two input terminals.

So, this A is actually the slope. And typically, A is really large, say on the order of like, you know, 10, And we often tall, call that the open loop gain [SOUND] And with that being very large and it doesn't take very much for this to do what we call saturate. When a difference, this difference, doesn't get very large before it reaches this value here where it's constant. We call that saturation. So with a very small value of Vin, it saturates.

Now let's do a quiz on that value. Now in the quiz we had to 10, and we had v of s is equal to ten, and so what value of this of the voltage input before it saturated it was one milliamp minus one milliamp. So in other words, very small value of V in made this saturate. So we'd have what we'd say, a very small range of operation for the linear range.

This is the linear range right here, very small range of operation, when we've got what we call, the Open Loop Behavior. A comparator circuit is one that utilizes an Op Amp in its open loop configuration. So we've got the open loop configuration here, and we've just repeated what this value looks like. In this particular circuit, we're assuming that for the most, most of the time we are operating not in a linear region, but in a saturation region. So in other words, if vin is greater than 0.

In other words, v plus is greater than v minus, we have a value of vs. If v plus is less than v minus, we have a value of minus vs. So, that gives us an indication whether these root, we are looking at a difference really between these two voltages. If one, if V plus is greater than V minus, we have got a positive value out of our comparator.

And if V minus is, if V plus is great less than V minus, we have got a negative value. So, it's an indicator, which of these is larger than the other. As an example of a comparative circuit, let's assume that we've got a sine wave voltage going into V plus, whereas C is just some constant. And we connected V minus to ground. So our input voltage is actually some constant times the sine of omega t.

Now this is our comparator circuit right here. And we're assuming that C is a fairly large value. So that we're into the saturation region almost immediately, as we go through 0. So if this is our sine wave, of our input.

That we're in the linear region very, very small amount of time. So that means we're almost always in saturation. So my output will actually have a value of vis of s anytime I've got a positive value of vn. And then when I go through ze, the 0 crossing, it becomes negative. It goes to minus Vs. And it stays that way as long as we're on the negative cycle of this sin wave.

And then when we go positive again, it goes positive. So, in other words, we've converted our sin wave into a square wave. By sending it through a Comparator. Let's examine a model, or different models for Op Amp behavior. Now as I mentioned before, what's internal to an Op Amp is a lot of transistors, capacitors, it's rather complicated, but we can come up with a fairly simplistic model of it. That looks like this over here. And in this model we've got an, what we call an input impudence, R sub i.

And R sub i is actually very large. And because it's large, the current running through it is very small. So this current i, is very small. And we have this dependent source right there, and that dependent source gives us the output, A times Vm, which we've already seen before. For ASM gain. Now this is a model for an We wanted to come up with this simpler model. And this is what we're going to call the ideal model here.

Now, in the ideal model. Instead of saying i is very small, we're going to say it's zero. The input current at both of these terminals, we're going to set equal to zero. And since that current is zero, another words this current going through this resistor zero then this voltage is going to be equal to zero, the voltage across these terminals is equal to zero.

So this right here is equal to zero. And we've also got this equal to zero and that equal to zero. So that's my ideal model. We're going to use that in analyzing op amp circuits. The simplest circuit we're going to examine is what's called a buffer circuit. A buffer circuit is made by just connecting the output back to the negative terminal. And this is what we call a feedback loop. This effect produces a closed loop circuit resulting in Closed-loop Gain.

A closed-loop inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to accurately control the overall gain of the amplifier, but causes a reduction in the amplifiers gain. Inverting amplifier - Advertisement - In an inverting amplifier circuit, the operational amplifier inverting input receives feedback from the output of the amplifier. Assuming the op-amp is ideal and applying the concept of virtual short at the input terminals of op-amp, the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to non-inverting terminal.

The non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground. As the gain of the op amp itself is very high and the output from the amplifier is a matter of only a few volts, this means that the difference between the two input terminals is exceedingly small and can be ignored.

As the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is held at ground potential this means that the inverting input must be virtually at earth potential. The feedback is applied at the inverting input. However, the input is now applied at the non-inverting input. The output is a non-Inverted in terms of phase amplified version of input.

The gain of the non-inverting amplifier circuit for the operational amplifier is easy to determine.

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