Many more people converted and just slipped quietly away from Christian society. As recently as the 19th century, a Quaker-turned-Jew, Warder Cresson , was declared insane by his family when he converted; he had to go to court to prove his sanity and regain his property. Crypto-Jews or marranos are usually defined as Jews who outwardly appeared to convert to Christianity either because they were forced to under penalty of exile or death, or because it was the only way they could obtain education or employment , but who continued to practice Judaism in secret.

Conversos is the term generally applied to people who converted to Christianity freely or not and who actually gave up the practice of Judaism. These three terms are used interchangeably by some, but for my purposes here, I retain a distinction between secret Jews and former Jews. Crypto-Jews were fairly common in the middle ages, as persecution and forced conversion drove many Jews underground.

Some re-merged with the wider Jewish community when they were able to escape or the persecution eased, but others slowly and inexorably slid into true conversion. Descendents of conversos are still found in Mexico and the Southwestern United States most recently discovered in Hispanic Americans and Native Americans by the appearance of an aggressive breast cancer gene found predominately in Jewish women.

Nostradamus looking rather Hasidic. There has been a lot of speculation about what famous figures of the middle ages might have been secret Jews. Nostradamus had Jewish ancestors and was educated in Hebrew, Kabbalism, and other Jewish studies he was almost certainly never a practicing Jew, though, and he had Christian and even Muslim leanings which probably made him a spiritualist more than anything.

Did the aged Columbus tell his son to say Kaddish for him? Christopher Columbus has also been a source of speculation for years and probably centuries. There is a very high probability that he was descended from Jews; the real question is whether or not he was a practicing Jew. Evidence has slowly been building , though, that he was probably a Crypto-Jew. Other influential Jews, like Luis de Santangel a converso and Don Isaac Abarbanel a Jew supplied additional funding, and convinced the monarchs of the efficacy of his expedition.

The same day he set sail was also the deadline for Jews to convert or leave Spain, and many of his crew were conversos. Some may even have been Crypto-Jews , conversos who were secretly adhering to their Jewish faith, and who saw his westward adventure as an opportunity to leave the persecution of Spain.

His name in Italian, Columbo, while not specifically-Jewish, was nevertheless not uncommon in the Jewish community. His father was a weaver in Genoa, Italy — a popular destination with conversos and one of a few trades open to the Jews. Columbus spoke Spanish as his mother tongue — odd for a boy in Italy.

Perhaps he learned it at home, from his converso family? Columbus was deeply interested in Jewish history, philosophy, the Bible, and especially the Jewish calendar. He frequently dated things by the Hebrew calendar — a system used nowhere else except by the Jewish community.

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